Numerical data for regional model-data comparison figure ======================================================== region: Africa; variable: MAP, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -135.77 ( 99.58) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -135.77 ( 99.58) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -286.27 ( 110.94) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -106.94 ( 5.44) CNRM-CM5, 17.39 ( 5.18) COSMOS-aso, 28.47 ( 5.06) FGOALS-g2, 25.47 ( 4.11) GISS-E2-R-p150, 13.85 ( 6.06) GISS-E2-R-p151, -10.84 ( 5.73) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -120.55 ( 5.26) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -64.68 ( 5.68) MPI-ESM-P-p2, 45.06 ( 3.99) MPI-ESM-P-p1, 84.04 ( 4.15) MRI-CGCM3, -85.82 ( 4.19) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -16.46 ( 4.23) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, 9.89 ( 5.05) CESM1.2, -46.60 ( 6.68) HadCM3-PMIP3, 3.89 ( 5.47) HadCM3-ICE6GC, 39.97 ( 5.71) HadCM3-GLAC1D, 34.49 ( 5.57) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -20.40 ( 0.38) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -20.46 ( 0.36) INM-CM4-8, -61.45 ( 5.47) IPSLCM5A2, -130.01 ( 4.23) MIROC-ES2L, -42.68 ( 5.62) MPI-ESM-1.2, 53.34 ( 4.15) UoT-CCSM4, -82.01 ( 4.75) ======================================================== region: WesternEurope; variable: MTWA, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -7.94 ( 1.48) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -7.94 ( 1.48) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -5.61 ( 1.46) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -6.68 ( 0.11) CNRM-CM5, 0.37 ( 0.11) COSMOS-aso, -6.57 ( 0.11) FGOALS-g2, -5.74 ( 0.11) GISS-E2-R-p150, -6.62 ( 0.11) GISS-E2-R-p151, -6.78 ( 0.11) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -6.04 ( 0.08) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -8.37 ( 0.10) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -5.63 ( 0.09) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -5.55 ( 0.11) MRI-CGCM3, -2.55 ( 0.09) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -6.19 ( 0.13) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -4.33 ( 0.12) CESM1.2, -7.73 ( 0.10) HadCM3-PMIP3, -11.95 ( 0.13) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -9.26 ( 0.12) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -10.03 ( 0.13) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -6.12 ( 0.10) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -5.57 ( 0.09) INM-CM4-8, -7.01 ( 0.12) IPSLCM5A2, -6.70 ( 0.07) MIROC-ES2L, -5.52 ( 0.10) MPI-ESM-1.2, -5.25 ( 0.12) UoT-CCSM4, -6.04 ( 0.10) ======================================================== region: Africa; variable: MAT, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -5.36 ( 1.04) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -5.36 ( 1.04) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -3.77 ( 1.24) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -3.49 ( 0.03) CNRM-CM5, -2.48 ( 0.03) COSMOS-aso, -5.84 ( 0.08) FGOALS-g2, -4.32 ( 0.02) GISS-E2-R-p150, -4.10 ( 0.03) GISS-E2-R-p151, -4.14 ( 0.03) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -4.37 ( 0.03) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -3.31 ( 0.03) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -3.87 ( 0.03) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -4.08 ( 0.03) MRI-CGCM3, -3.74 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -2.21 ( 0.04) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -2.59 ( 0.05) CESM1.2, -4.97 ( 0.04) HadCM3-PMIP3, -6.15 ( 0.03) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -4.97 ( 0.03) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -5.45 ( 0.03) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -2.93 ( 0.02) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -2.87 ( 0.02) INM-CM4-8, -3.60 ( 0.02) IPSLCM5A2, -4.42 ( 0.02) MIROC-ES2L, -3.02 ( 0.04) MPI-ESM-1.2, -3.26 ( 0.05) UoT-CCSM4, -3.13 ( 0.03) ======================================================== region: Tropics; variable: MATocean, period: LGM main reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/ data assimilation) reconstructions, average (std): -3.65 ( 0.22) alternative reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/ data assimilation) average (std): -3.65 ( 0.22) alternative reconstruction: GLOMAP 2020, (Paul et al., 2020) average (std): -1.20 ( 0.30) alternative reconstruction: Kurahashi-Nakamura et al., 2017 average (std): -1.74 ( 0.00) alternative reconstruction: Annan and Hargreaves 2013 average (std): -1.60 ( 0.70) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -2.19 ( 0.02) CNRM-CM5, -1.37 ( 0.01) COSMOS-aso, -3.30 ( 0.06) FGOALS-g2, -2.57 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p150, -2.58 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p151, -2.69 ( 0.01) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -2.99 ( 0.02) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -2.13 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -2.08 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -2.20 ( 0.02) MRI-CGCM3, -2.52 ( 0.01) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -1.63 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -1.70 ( 0.03) CESM1.2, -3.69 ( 0.02) HadCM3-PMIP3, -3.29 ( 0.02) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -2.80 ( 0.02) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -3.21 ( 0.02) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -1.52 ( 0.01) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -1.50 ( 0.01) INM-CM4-8, -1.80 ( 0.01) IPSLCM5A2, -2.91 ( 0.01) MIROC-ES2L, -1.94 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-1.2, -1.76 ( 0.02) UoT-CCSM4, -2.49 ( 0.01) ======================================================== region: ExtratropicalAsia; variable: MTCO, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -7.73 ( 1.48) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -7.73 ( 1.48) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -11.43 ( 3.30) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -9.36 ( 0.24) CNRM-CM5, -5.67 ( 0.19) COSMOS-aso, -6.74 ( 0.22) FGOALS-g2, -7.19 ( 0.18) GISS-E2-R-p150, -13.65 ( 0.19) GISS-E2-R-p151, -14.24 ( 0.21) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -6.08 ( 0.16) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -9.65 ( 0.17) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -7.33 ( 0.20) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -8.42 ( 0.18) MRI-CGCM3, -8.42 ( 0.22) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -5.74 ( 0.20) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -6.46 ( 0.19) CESM1.2, -10.07 ( 0.23) HadCM3-PMIP3, -10.28 ( 0.14) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -9.70 ( 0.14) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -7.95 ( 0.15) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -3.63 ( 0.20) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -3.37 ( 0.21) INM-CM4-8, -8.46 ( 0.15) IPSLCM5A2, -8.47 ( 0.14) MIROC-ES2L, -8.74 ( 0.17) MPI-ESM-1.2, -7.68 ( 0.19) UoT-CCSM4, -10.01 ( 0.22) ======================================================== region: NorthAtlantic; variable: MATocean, period: LGM main reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/o data assimilation) reconstructions, average (std): -3.83 ( 0.51) alternative reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/o data assimilation) average (std): -3.83 ( 0.51) alternative reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/ data assimilation) average (std): -4.81 ( 0.31) alternative reconstruction: MARGO 2009 average (std): -4.55 ( 1.17) alternative reconstruction: GLOMAP 2020, (Paul et al., 2020) average (std): -3.79 ( 0.93) alternative reconstruction: Kurahashi-Nakamura et al., 2017 average (std): -6.11 ( 0.00) alternative reconstruction: Annan and Hargreaves 2013 average (std): -4.48 ( 0.00) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -3.02 ( 0.04) CNRM-CM5, 0.05 ( 0.05) COSMOS-aso, -3.91 ( 0.08) FGOALS-g2, -5.25 ( 0.03) GISS-E2-R-p150, -3.51 ( 0.03) GISS-E2-R-p151, -3.55 ( 0.03) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -2.94 ( 0.05) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -4.20 ( 0.05) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -1.37 ( 0.05) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -1.48 ( 0.04) MRI-CGCM3, -1.93 ( 0.07) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -2.03 ( 0.04) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -0.97 ( 0.04) CESM1.2, -4.63 ( 0.05) HadCM3-PMIP3, -10.38 ( 0.10) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -4.10 ( 0.05) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -6.22 ( 0.06) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -3.11 ( 0.04) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -3.24 ( 0.04) INM-CM4-8, -6.89 ( 0.05) IPSLCM5A2, -3.22 ( 0.05) MIROC-ES2L, -2.96 ( 0.04) MPI-ESM-1.2, -1.29 ( 0.04) UoT-CCSM4, -5.21 ( 0.05) ======================================================== region: Tropics; variable: MATocean, period: LGM main reconstruction: MARGO 2009 reconstructions, average (std): -1.55 ( 0.70) alternative reconstruction: MARGO 2009 average (std): -1.55 ( 0.70) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -2.31 ( 0.02) CNRM-CM5, -1.50 ( 0.02) COSMOS-aso, -3.66 ( 0.06) FGOALS-g2, -2.80 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p150, -2.55 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p151, -2.65 ( 0.01) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -3.15 ( 0.02) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -2.28 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -2.30 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -2.41 ( 0.02) MRI-CGCM3, -2.63 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -1.80 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -1.89 ( 0.03) CESM1.2, -3.81 ( 0.02) HadCM3-PMIP3, -3.71 ( 0.02) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -3.09 ( 0.02) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -3.59 ( 0.02) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -1.65 ( 0.01) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -1.63 ( 0.01) INM-CM4-8, -2.12 ( 0.01) IPSLCM5A2, -3.09 ( 0.02) MIROC-ES2L, -2.04 ( 0.03) MPI-ESM-1.2, -1.88 ( 0.03) UoT-CCSM4, -2.39 ( 0.02) ======================================================== region: ExtratropicalAsia; variable: MTWA, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -4.50 ( 1.67) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -4.50 ( 1.67) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -2.77 ( 0.73) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -5.52 ( 0.08) CNRM-CM5, 0.32 ( 0.06) COSMOS-aso, -3.05 ( 0.09) FGOALS-g2, -5.10 ( 0.06) GISS-E2-R-p150, -14.19 ( 0.06) GISS-E2-R-p151, -15.84 ( 0.06) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -4.57 ( 0.06) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -6.64 ( 0.08) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -3.84 ( 0.07) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -4.92 ( 0.08) MRI-CGCM3, -2.21 ( 0.07) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -3.08 ( 0.09) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -2.40 ( 0.08) CESM1.2, -5.68 ( 0.06) HadCM3-PMIP3, -8.04 ( 0.07) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -6.92 ( 0.06) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -7.57 ( 0.07) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -2.37 ( 0.07) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -2.36 ( 0.07) INM-CM4-8, -3.70 ( 0.07) IPSLCM5A2, -4.91 ( 0.05) MIROC-ES2L, -3.86 ( 0.05) MPI-ESM-1.2, -3.21 ( 0.07) UoT-CCSM4, -4.25 ( 0.10) ======================================================== region: TropicalAmericas; variable: MAP, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -351.73 ( 156.23) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -351.73 ( 156.23) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -19.73 ( 85.03) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -84.26 ( 6.29) CNRM-CM5, -93.24 ( 7.30) COSMOS-aso, 63.68 ( 8.04) FGOALS-g2, 148.83 ( 5.10) GISS-E2-R-p150, 38.51 ( 7.62) GISS-E2-R-p151, 81.19 ( 7.17) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -265.34 ( 7.87) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, 56.98 ( 7.55) MPI-ESM-P-p2, 2.89 ( 7.78) MPI-ESM-P-p1, 18.97 ( 7.52) MRI-CGCM3, -201.97 ( 8.46) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -73.24 ( 7.54) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -146.11 ( 9.06) CESM1.2, -124.49 ( 5.53) HadCM3-PMIP3, -50.81 ( 7.57) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -46.98 ( 7.19) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -7.32 ( 7.54) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, 0.25 ( 0.58) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -0.57 ( 0.58) INM-CM4-8, -191.32 ( 6.78) IPSLCM5A2, -128.93 ( 7.55) MIROC-ES2L, -61.30 (10.54) MPI-ESM-1.2, -165.25 ( 8.37) UoT-CCSM4, -69.00 ( 6.54) ======================================================== region: NAmerica; variable: MTWA, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -5.63 ( 1.06) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -5.63 ( 1.06) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -9.41 ( 1.28) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -6.76 ( 0.07) CNRM-CM5, -0.95 ( 0.08) COSMOS-aso, -7.88 ( 0.07) FGOALS-g2, -9.05 ( 0.07) GISS-E2-R-p150, -5.15 ( 0.08) GISS-E2-R-p151, -5.56 ( 0.08) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -7.74 ( 0.06) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -9.24 ( 0.07) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -8.24 ( 0.08) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -8.64 ( 0.08) MRI-CGCM3, -3.70 ( 0.07) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -6.26 ( 0.10) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -5.97 ( 0.09) CESM1.2, -7.07 ( 0.07) HadCM3-PMIP3, -12.25 ( 0.09) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -9.80 ( 0.09) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -10.73 ( 0.09) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -3.31 ( 0.06) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -3.40 ( 0.06) INM-CM4-8, -6.76 ( 0.09) IPSLCM5A2, -8.05 ( 0.05) MIROC-ES2L, -4.56 ( 0.07) MPI-ESM-1.2, -6.81 ( 0.09) UoT-CCSM4, -4.76 ( 0.06) ======================================================== region: TropicalAmericas; variable: MAT, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -4.63 ( 1.02) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -4.63 ( 1.02) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -4.19 ( 0.66) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -3.15 ( 0.03) CNRM-CM5, -2.12 ( 0.03) COSMOS-aso, -5.55 ( 0.10) FGOALS-g2, -4.27 ( 0.03) GISS-E2-R-p150, -3.54 ( 0.02) GISS-E2-R-p151, -3.80 ( 0.02) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -3.43 ( 0.04) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -3.34 ( 0.04) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -3.60 ( 0.04) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -3.79 ( 0.04) MRI-CGCM3, -3.39 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -2.10 ( 0.05) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -1.99 ( 0.06) CESM1.2, -4.78 ( 0.04) HadCM3-PMIP3, -5.97 ( 0.04) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -5.14 ( 0.04) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -5.74 ( 0.04) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -2.23 ( 0.01) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -2.33 ( 0.01) INM-CM4-8, -2.51 ( 0.02) IPSLCM5A2, -3.77 ( 0.04) MIROC-ES2L, -2.21 ( 0.05) MPI-ESM-1.2, -2.29 ( 0.06) UoT-CCSM4, -2.41 ( 0.03) ======================================================== region: WesternEurope; variable: MTCO, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -17.93 ( 1.17) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -17.93 ( 1.17) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -15.48 ( 3.25) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -8.92 ( 0.26) CNRM-CM5, -7.23 ( 0.30) COSMOS-aso, -7.78 ( 0.24) FGOALS-g2, -9.86 ( 0.34) GISS-E2-R-p150, -10.79 ( 0.29) GISS-E2-R-p151, -11.87 ( 0.31) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -9.82 ( 0.29) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -11.53 ( 0.22) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -9.22 ( 0.30) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -9.89 ( 0.30) MRI-CGCM3, -7.95 ( 0.26) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -5.30 ( 0.26) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -5.21 ( 0.26) CESM1.2, -11.78 ( 0.32) HadCM3-PMIP3, -10.09 ( 0.29) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -12.72 ( 0.38) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -7.52 ( 0.29) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -4.89 ( 0.13) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -4.89 ( 0.15) INM-CM4-8, -11.89 ( 0.33) IPSLCM5A2, -11.24 ( 0.25) MIROC-ES2L, -11.67 ( 0.28) MPI-ESM-1.2, -7.24 ( 0.27) UoT-CCSM4, -9.79 ( 0.21) ======================================================== region: Tropics; variable: MATocean, period: LGM main reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/o data assimilation) reconstructions, average (std): -2.62 ( 0.53) alternative reconstruction: Tierney et al., 2020 (w/o data assimilation) average (std): -2.62 ( 0.53) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -2.46 ( 0.02) CNRM-CM5, -1.65 ( 0.02) COSMOS-aso, -3.94 ( 0.06) FGOALS-g2, -3.13 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p150, -2.65 ( 0.01) GISS-E2-R-p151, -2.76 ( 0.01) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -3.35 ( 0.02) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -2.49 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -2.50 ( 0.02) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -2.62 ( 0.02) MRI-CGCM3, -2.75 ( 0.01) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -1.92 ( 0.02) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -1.99 ( 0.03) CESM1.2, -3.87 ( 0.02) HadCM3-PMIP3, -4.11 ( 0.02) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -3.38 ( 0.02) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -3.90 ( 0.02) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -1.74 ( 0.01) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -1.73 ( 0.01) INM-CM4-8, -2.41 ( 0.01) IPSLCM5A2, -3.34 ( 0.02) MIROC-ES2L, -2.22 ( 0.03) MPI-ESM-1.2, -2.00 ( 0.03) UoT-CCSM4, -2.37 ( 0.01) ======================================================== region: NAmerica; variable: MTCO, period: LGM main reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 reconstructions, average (std): -10.19 ( 0.90) alternative reconstruction: Cleator et al., 2020 average (std): -10.19 ( 0.90) alternative reconstruction: Bartlein et al., 2011 average (std): -13.93 ( 1.71) model results - average (std) CCSM4, -11.76 ( 0.17) CNRM-CM5, -8.22 ( 0.19) COSMOS-aso, -13.64 ( 0.19) FGOALS-g2, -11.47 ( 0.15) GISS-E2-R-p150, -7.00 ( 0.13) GISS-E2-R-p151, -7.09 ( 0.13) IPSL-CM5A-LR, -9.92 ( 0.16) MIROC-ESM-CMIP5, -14.55 ( 0.16) MPI-ESM-P-p2, -10.92 ( 0.17) MPI-ESM-P-p1, -11.00 ( 0.18) MRI-CGCM3, -9.84 ( 0.17) AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, -6.61 ( 0.17) AWI-ESM-2-1-LR, -6.29 ( 0.16) CESM1.2, -14.18 ( 0.19) HadCM3-PMIP3, -12.54 ( 0.15) HadCM3-ICE6GC, -9.67 ( 0.14) HadCM3-GLAC1D, -10.41 ( 0.16) iLOVECLIM-ICE-6G, -2.75 ( 0.13) iLOVECLIM-GLAC1D, -3.10 ( 0.13) INM-CM4-8, -12.10 ( 0.16) IPSLCM5A2, -11.02 ( 0.12) MIROC-ES2L, -9.14 ( 0.15) MPI-ESM-1.2, -8.18 ( 0.15) UoT-CCSM4, -8.51 ( 0.20) ========================================================